Upper Tribunal Reconsiders Dependency Claims in EU Settlement Appeals

OUTCOME: Allowed in Part

IN THE UPPER TRIBUNAL IMMIGRATION AND ASYLUM CHAMBER Case Nos: UI-2023-001763 UI-2023-001764 UI-2023-001765 First-tier Tribunal Nos: EA/02322/2022 EA/02328/2022 EA/02325/2022 [NAME] Decision & Reasons Issued: On 17th of January 2024 Before DEPUTY UPPER TRIBUNAL JUDGE [APPELLANT] (1) [APPELLANT] (2) [APPELLANT] (3) [APPELLANT]) [NAME] And THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE HOME DEPARTMENT Respondent Representation: For the [NAME]: [NAME] [COUNSEL], counsel, [NAME] For the Respondents: [redacted] Heard at [NAME] on 14 December 2023

DECISION AND

REASONS © CROWN COPYRIGHT 2024

Appeal Numbers: UI-2023-001763, UI-2023-001764, UI-2023-001765 First-tier Tribunal Nos: EA/02322/2022,EA/02328/2022,EA/02325/2022 Background 1. This is the remaking of the decision in the [NAME]’ appeals against the Respondent’s refusals of their human rights claims.

2. The Respondent’s decision letters of 4 December 2020 and 9 December 2020 refused the [NAME]’ applications [APPELLANT] on 15 October 2020. The First Appellant is the mother of the [NAME].

3. The First Appellant applied under the [NAME] to join the [NAME], [NAME], on the basis that he is her biological brother and she is dependent on him. The [NAME] applied under the [NAME] to join the same [NAME] on the basis that he is their uncle and they are dependent on him.

4. The Respondent refused the [NAME]’ claims by letters dated 4 December 2020 (First Appellant) and 9 December 2020 ([NAME]).

5. The First Appellant’s application was considered under [NAME] (Family Permit) to the Immigration Rules on the basis she was a 'family member of a relevant EEA citizen'. It was refused on the basis that she had not provided sufficient evidence to prove that she was a 'family member' and her relationship to the [NAME] did not come within the definition of that term.

6. The [NAME]’s applications were considered under regulation 8 of the [NAME]) Regulations 2016 (“the [NAME]”). They were refused on substantially the same basis as each other. This was that the eleven money transfer receipts they had provided did not, in isolation, prove that they were financially dependent on the [NAME]. They had not provided any evidence regarding their own family’s financial situation. Whilst they had provided an affidavit declared by their mother, this was in effect a self- declaration and little weight was attached to it. It was not accepted that they were financially dependent on the [NAME].

7. The [NAME] appealed the refusal decisions.

8. Their appeals were heard together as linked appeals by First-tier [ADDRESS] (“the Judge”) at Nottingham on 2 March 2023. The Judge subsequently dismissed all of the appeals in a decision promulgated on 7 March 2023.

9. The [NAME] applied for permission to appeal to this Tribunal, which was granted by First-tier Tribunal Judge Lawrence on 11 May 2023.

10. The Respondent filed a rule 24 response.

11. Following a hearing on 12 September 2023, my error of law decision was promulgated on 5 October 2023. I found that the Judge’s findings concerning the First Appellant were sound such that I upheld his decision to dismiss the First Appellant’s appeal. However I found that the Judge’s findings concerning the [NAME]’s appeals were infected by material error of law and set them aside, for remaking in this Tribunal. The remaking is the subject of this decision. The Hearing 2

Appeal Numbers: UI-2023-001763, UI-2023-001764, UI-2023-001765 First-tier Tribunal Nos: EA/02322/2022,EA/02328/2022,EA/02325/2022 12. As the [NAME] are the [NAME] [NAME] concerned in this decision, I shall refer to them simply as ‘the [NAME]’ and confirm that, unless stated otherwise, this term does not include the First Appellant whose appeal has already been dismissed.

13. At the resumed hearing before me on 14 December 2023, the papers before me were as follows: (a) The bundles as were previously before the Judge which are: (i) Respondent’s bundles comprised of 29 pages for each of the [NAME]; (ii) [NAME]’ ‘stitched’ bundle 155 pages (b) [NAME]’ additional paginated bundle filed the day before the hearing. 14. [NAME] apologised for the lateness of the additional bundle, which he said contains the same documents as previously plus a new skeleton argument, new [NAME]’s witness statement, and some additional money transfer receipts. He said the new bundle contained everything upon which the [NAME] wished to rely. He did not have a particularly good explanation for the lateness, however Ms [NAME] did not object to the bundle being adduced and admitted that the Respondent had also not complied with the Tribunal’s directions to provide a skeleton argument. Although I expressed my disappointment and underlined the need for compliance with procedure, I permitted the additional bundle given the very limited amount of additional items, lack of objection from the Respondent, and for the sake of dealing with the matter in its entirety with a view to preventing any further litigation in accordance with the overriding objective.

15. It was agreed that the sole issue was whether the [NAME] are [NAME] family members of the [NAME], their uncle, [NAME] [NAME] [NAME], pursuant to regulation 8 of the [NAME], which required me to consider dependency.

16. The [NAME] attended and gave oral evidence in Urdu via the interpreter who he confirmed he understood. There were no other witnesses.

17. I have had regard to all the oral and documentary evidence and considered this and the submissions even where not specifically mentioned.

18. Full notes of the oral evidence and submissions are set down in the record of proceedings. The main points arising from the oral evidence were as follows: Oral evidence – [NAME], [NAME] [NAME]

19. The [NAME] confirmed his full name and address and that the contents of his witness statement dated 13 December 2023 were true and accurate to the best of his knowledge and could stand as his evidence in chief.

20. He said the person other than him shown on the electricity bills provided is his father; electricity bills in Pakistan now mention the parentage of the bill payer; otherwise it shows the [NAME]’s name because the house belongs to him.

21. He confirmed that the document appearing to show bank entries, commencing with an entry for [NAME], is from his bank statement. As regards 3

Appeal Numbers: UI-2023-001763, UI-2023-001764, UI-2023-001765 First-tier Tribunal Nos: EA/02322/2022,EA/02328/2022,EA/02325/2022 the entry on 24 January 2020 to ‘[NAME[NAME]’, he said this is money being received from his friend in Derby; he was short of money at the time and friends are there to help each other. The entry on 19 February 2020 showing money being paid in euros to ‘[NAME] [NAME]’, also concerned his friend; he has [NAME] sent such monies once or twice in the last years. The entry on 19 March 2020 showing money sent to ‘[NAME] in euros, concerned money sent to [NAME] who was in need of money at the time. When asked why the money was in euros, he said because “he helped me in the past and I have to return that money back to him”. When asked again later, he said because the person lives in Europe.

22. He confirmed that the letter dated 10 October 2020 from “[NAME]” was in respect of his sister’s son’s education; it says [NAME] is the son of [NAME] because the [COMPANY] always mention the father or parents’ names on documents. He said even though this document refers to the [COMPANY] as being a girl’s [COMPANY], it is actually co-educational, he does not know why the name is like that, it has been like that for some time. He did not know whether the [COMPANY] had been informed that [NAME]’s parents have separated; his sister is the one contacting the [COMPANY].

23. He said he pays the [COMPANY] fees for [NAME]; the money he sends is used for the children’s expenses and admission fees which his sister manages.

24. He confirmed the document headed “[COMPANY]” is a receipt from a bank for money sent by him using [NAME]; he did not send money into an account, his sister was [NAME] to pick it up at different branches of different banks; she does not have a bank account in Pakistan to his knowledge; he has not asked her if she has one, there was never a need to open one as it works quite well sending it through [NAME].

25. He said his mother, wife and children all came to the UK during Covid; his father remained in Pakistan as he was not willing to come over.

26. He said he does not send a fixed amount of money to his sister, but between £150 and £250, it depends on need and on his savings as well; she needs more but she manages to live within what he sends; he spends the money on the children, their education and grocery shopping; receipts were submitted with the application; they do not have to pay rent as it is his house; he has lived there himself so knows the circumstances and how much things cost.

27. He said his sister is not in contact with her husband and the husband does not pay anything towards the children.

28. He said he is her [NAME] brother and she is [NAME]; she lives in his house in Pakistan; their father sometimes lives in an elderly people’s home but does not stay in one place, sometimes he goes to his brother and [NAME]’s houses and stays with them for a time. He said he also sends some money to his father, who also receives money from his own nephews living abroad; their father cannot support the sister given his age and because he does not work.

29. He said he had never stopped sending money to his sister; if he did, it would be very difficult for her. He said she has no other bills to pay apart from electricity; there is no gas to the village and there is a water pump at the house; he is the [NAME] blood [NAME] to his sister so no one will support her if he does not. 4

Appeal Numbers: UI-2023-001763, UI-2023-001764, UI-2023-001765 First-tier Tribunal Nos: EA/02322/2022,EA/02328/2022,EA/02325/2022 30. He said if the [NAME] succeed, they will look for other ways to bring their mother over as it would be difficult for them to be here without her. Respondent’s submissions 31. Ms [RESPONDENT] that she relied on the Refusal Letters; the [NAME] must need the financial support of the [NAME] to meet their essential needs in Pakistan and the [NAME] needs to show he has sufficient income to support them; if they cannot meet their needs without his support, they must be considered as dependent even if they receive support from someone else.

32. She submitted that there is insufficient evidence to show support is provided by the [NAME]; the witness statements from the [NAME] and mother are vague and do not set out what the [NAME]’ essential needs are; there is no breakdown of the money required to show the support is material and is being used to meet needs; mere assertion is not sufficient.

33. She asked me to view the documents holistically; there is no evidence that the [NAME] live in a house owned by the [NAME]; the bills provided show both the [NAME] and his father’s name even though his father does not always live there; there is no way to ascertain that the money the [NAME] sends goes to paying these bills; the letter from [COMPANY] and [COMPANY] fee receipts cannot be taken as essential living needs and again there is no way to ascertain that the money sent is used to pay these.

34. She said whilst there are receipts for food, there is no confirmation that the money sent is used for these and little weight can be attached to them as they are ad hoc, do not show what is being paid for or any names of the purchaser.

35. It is accepted that money is being spent from the [NAME] to the [NAME] but [NAME] in sporadic unfixed amounts; transfers are not evidence of it being needed, it could be sent for anything and the [NAME] say financial support in itself is not enough.

36. She said there is a lack of evidence showing the Appellant’s financial position; the mother is said not to have a bank account but this is implausible; he said the money he sends is not enough that there is not much evidence from her at all; it is reasonable to expect to see evidence which details their income, expenditure, and overall financial position to show that without the [NAME]’s support, their needs could not be met. There is also no witness statement from, or detailing the circumstances of, the [NAME]’s father and it may be that the money sent is used for whom.

37. She submitted that dependency has not been [APPELLANT] out and invited me to dismiss the appeals. Appellant’s submissions 38. [NAME] [APPELLANT] said the [NAME] had given credible and consistent evidence; he has very clearly said that the amount sent depends on the [NAME]’ needs; there is no requirement for a tabulated format; prices can vary; some items need to be paid in some months but not others, like [COMPANY] fees; education is an essential need; there is documentary evidence which shows the amounts being sent and amounts spent by the [NAME]; this is evidence of their needs being 5

Appeal Numbers: UI-2023-001763, UI-2023-001764, UI-2023-001765 First-tier Tribunal Nos: EA/02322/2022,EA/02328/2022,EA/02325/2022 catered for by the [NAME]; his oral evidence provides the link between the sending and using.

39. He said money transfers are sent virtually every month and the amounts differ because the needs differ monthly; the [NAME] is responsible because it is a patriarchal society, the husband does not support the family and the [NAME]’s father is elderly and does not work; it is natural for the male family member to send money back; so has helped for four years now; there is sufficient evidence; it is the date of application that falls to be assessed so historical evidence is not needed.

40. He said even if the sister had a bank account, this would not assist much anyway as she is not working and has no other income; the [NAME] has explained how the money is sent and received; there are what receiving receipts in the new bundle; they always show money been received by the mother, having been sent by the [NAME].

41. He said there is documentary evidence of what the money is being spent on, in the form of receipts; the [NAME] explained what is shown on the [COMPANY] receipts and there is a letter from the [COMPANY] confirming [NAME] attends; the electricity bills are evidence that the property belongs to the [NAME]; providing accommodation shows he provides for a large part of their needs; he explained that they do not need to pay for water or gas.

42. He submitted that it is clear on balance that there is sufficient evidence of dependency; this is the [NAME] question that needs to be answered, and not whether the [NAME] would come without their mother.

43. At the end of the hearing, I reserved my decision. Legal framework 44. The [NAME]’ applications were [APPELLANT] and refused before the end of the transitional period following Britain’s exit from the [NAME]. Their right of appeal is limited to that referred to regulation 36 of the [NAME]) Regulations 2016 (“the Regulations”), namely whether the Respondent’s decision breaches the [NAME]’ rights under the [NAME] in respect of entry to or residence in the United Kingdom.

45. I need to consider whether the [NAME] are Family Members or [NAME] Family Members of an [NAME]. It is not in dispute that the [NAME]) Regulations 2016 (“the Regulations”) fall to be considered, regulation 8 in particular.

46. The relevant parts of the Regulations are as follows: “Regulation 7 1) In these Regulations, “family member” means, in relation to a person (“A”)— (a) A's spouse or [NAME] partner; (b) [NAME] direct descendants, or the direct descendants of [NAME] spouse or [NAME] partner who are either— (i) aged under 21; or 6

Appeal Numbers: UI-2023-001763, UI-2023-001764, UI-2023-001765 First-tier Tribunal Nos: EA/02322/2022,EA/02328/2022,EA/02325/2022 (ii) dependants of A, or of [NAME] spouse or [NAME] partner; (c) dependent direct relatives in A's ascending line, or in that of A's spouse or [NAME] partner. … (3) A person (“B”) who is an [NAME] and has been issued with an EEA family permit, a registration certificate or a residence card must be treated as a family member of A, provided— (a) B continues to satisfy the conditions in [regulation 8(1A), 8(2), (3), (4) or (5)]1; and (b) the EEA family permit, registration certificate or residence card remains in force. (4) A must be an [NAME] unless regulation 9 applies (family members [and [NAME] family members ]2 of British citizens). Regulation 8 (1) In these Regulations “[NAME]” means a person who is not a family member of an [NAME] under regulation 7(1)(a), (b) or (c) and who satisfies a condition in paragraph (2), (3), (4) or (5). (2) The condition in this paragraph is that the person is— (a) a [NAME]; and (b) residing in a country other than the United Kingdom and is dependent upon the [NAME] or is a member of the [NAME]’s household; and either— (i) is accompanying the [NAME] to the United Kingdom or wants to join the [NAME] in the United Kingdom; or (ii) has joined the [NAME] in the United Kingdom and continues to be dependent upon the [NAME], or to be a member of the [NAME]’s household. (6) In these Regulations, “relevant [NAME]” means, in relation to an [NAME]— (a) referred to in paragraph (2), (3) or (4), the [NAME] to whom the [NAME] is related;…. (7) In [paragraphs (2), (3) and (4)]5 , “[NAME]” includes a [NAME] of the spouse or [NAME] partner of an [NAME] [.]” 47. The case of Latayan v SSHD [2020] EWCA Civ 191, which reviews the previous case law on dependency, held as follows: [23] Dependency entails a situation of real dependence in which the family member, having regard to their financial and social conditions, is not in a position to support themselves and needs the material support of the Community national or his or her spouse or [NAME] partner in order to meet their essential needs: [NAME] v Migrationsverket Case C-1/05; [2007] QB 545 at [37 and 42-43] and [NAME] v Migrationsverket Case C-423/12; [2014] QB 1140 at [20-24]. As the Upper Tribunal 7

Appeal Numbers: UI-2023-001763, UI-2023-001764, UI-2023-001765 First-tier Tribunal Nos: EA/02322/2022,EA/02328/2022,EA/02325/2022 noted in the unrelated case of [NAME] v SSHD (EEA Regs: dependency) [2013] UKUT 00314 ([NAME]), dependency is a question of fact. The Tribunal continued (in reliance on [NAME] and on the decision of this court in [NAME] (India) v [NAME]) [2009] EWCA (Civ) 1426): "19. … questions of dependency must not be reduced to a bare calculation of financial dependency but should be construed broadly to involve a holistic examination of a number of factors, including financial, physical and social conditions, so as to establish whether there is dependence that is genuine. The essential focus has to be on the nature of the relationship concerned and on whether it is one characterised by a situation of dependence based on an examination of all the factual circumstances, bearing in mind the underlying objective of maintaining the unity of the family."

48. Further, at [22] "… Whilst it is for an appellant to discharge the burden of proof resting on him to show dependency, and this will normally require production of relevant documentary evidence, oral evidence can suffice if not found wanting. …" 49. [24] As to the approach to evidence, guidance was given by this Tribunal in [NAME] and others (EEA - OFMs) Nigeria [2011] UKUT 341 ([NAME]): "41. Nevertheless dependency is not the same as mere receipt of some financial assistance from the [NAME]. As the Court of [APPELLANT] plain in [NAME] (India) (above) dependency means dependency in the sense used by the Court of Justice in the case of Lebon [1987] ECR 2811. For present purposes we accept that the definition of dependency is accurately captured by the current UKBA ECIs which read as follows at ch.5.12: "In determining if a family member or [NAME] is dependent (i.e. financially dependent) on the relevant [NAME] for the purposes of the [NAME]: Financial dependency should be interpreted as meaning that the person needs financial support from the [NAME] or his/ her spouse/[NAME] partner in order to meet his/her essential needs - not in order to have a certain level of income. Provided a person would not be [NAME] to meet his/her essential living needs without the financial support of the [NAME], s/he should be considered dependent on that national. In those circumstances, it does not matter that the applicant may in addition receive financial support / income from other sources. There is no need to determine the reasons for recourse to the financial support provided by the [NAME] or to consider whether the applicant is [NAME] to support him/herself by taking up paid employment. The person does not need to be living or have lived in an EEA state which the [NAME] [NAME] also lives or has lived."

42. We of course accept (and as the ECIs reflect) that dependency does not have to be "necessary" in the sense of the Immigration Rules, that is to say an [NAME] who chooses to rely for his essential needs on material support of the [NAME] may be entitled to do so even if he could meet those needs from his or her economic activity: see [NAME] (India). Nevertheless where, as in these cases, [NAME] [NAME] people of mature years claim to have always been dependent upon remittances from a [NAME], that may invite particular close scrutiny as to why this 8

Appeal Numbers: UI-2023-001763, UI-2023-001764, UI-2023-001765 First-tier Tribunal Nos: EA/02322/2022,EA/02328/2022,EA/02325/2022 should be the case. We note further that Article 10(2)(e) of the Citizens Directive contemplates documentary evidence. Whether dependency can ever be proved by oral testimony alone is not something that we have to decide in this case, but Article 10(2)(e) does suggest that the responsibility is on the applicant to satisfy Secretary of State by cogent evidence that is in part documented and can be tested as to whether the level of material support, its duration and its impact upon the applicant combined together meet the material definition of dependency.

43. Where there is a dispute as to dependency (as there was in the present case) [NAME] should therefore carefully evaluate all the material to see whether the applicant has satisfied them of these matters."

50. The case of [NAME] v [NAME] [2015] EWCA Civ 1383 held that: “In my judgment, the critical question is whether the claimant is in fact in a position to support himself or not, and [NAME] now makes that clear beyond doubt, in my view. That is a simple matter of fact. If he can support himself, there is no dependency, even if he is given financial material support by the [NAME] citizen. Those additional resources are not necessary to enable him to meet his basic needs. If, on the other hand, he cannot support himself from his own resources, the court will not ask why that is the case, save perhaps where there is an abuse of rights. The fact that he chooses not to get a job and become self-supporting is irrelevant. It follows that on the facts of this case, there was no dependency. The appellant had the funds to support herself. She was financially independent and did not need the additional resources for the purpose of meeting her basic needs.” 51. The burden of proof is on the [NAME] to prove the facts they allege and the standard is the balance of probabilities. Findings of Fact and Conclusions 52. The Respondent takes no issue with the [NAME] being a [NAME] nor with his being the biological brother of the [NAME]. I have seen the [NAME]’s Spanish passport, letter granting him pre-settled status, family registration and birth certificates and accept the relationship and relevant nationalities.

53. I find that the [NAME] do not fall within the definition of ‘family member’ in Regulation 7. Neither of them is the [NAME]’s spouse, [NAME] partner or direct descendant. If they are [NAME] family members, I have seen no evidence that they have been issued with EEA family permits, registration certificates or residence cards.

54. I find that the [NAME] potentially fall within the definition of ’[NAME]’ under Regulation 8. As the [NAME]’s biologically related niece and [NAME], they fulfil the requirement of being the relatives of an [NAME] under regulation 8(2), residing in a country other than the United Kingdom and wanting to join their uncle in the UK. I shall therefore address the question of dependency.

55. Based on the money transfer receipts provided, and as the Respondent has accepted, I am satisfied that the [NAME] sends money to the [NAME]. I cannot find that the amounts sent are uniform in amount, as they range between around £80 and £150, but they do appear to be sent monthly. This is roughly in accordance with the application which said £100 was sent monthly, and in accordance with the [NAME]’s oral evidence in saying that there was no fixed amount sent. 9

Appeal Numbers: UI-2023-001763, UI-2023-001764, UI-2023-001765 First-tier Tribunal Nos: EA/02322/2022,EA/02328/2022,EA/02325/2022 56. I accept that the [NAME] has sent money since at least January 2020 and continues to do so. I note some documents have been provided to show the money is both sent by the [NAME] in the UK, and received by the [NAME] in Pakistan. [NAME] appear to have been money transfers since the [NAME] arrived in the UK, which the mother’s application states was on 18 December 2019. There is no documentary evidence of any sums being sent before this. This appears to correlate with the explanation that the [NAME] have required the [NAME]’s financial support since the Appellant’s father left their mother in January 2020, when she moved back to the family home in Pakistan. Having said that, I note there is an undated statement written by the mother saying that the [NAME]’s financial support has been ongoing for a considerable amount of time, without giving any dates.

57. As to what the money is used for, the cover letter to the application was silent on this. The mother’s affidavit dated 10 October 2020 simply said that the [NAME]’s money pays for all the expenses, without specifying what they are. The undated statement from the [NAME] says that from the money sent, they are [NAME] to pay for utility bills (plural), food and clothes. The [NAME]’s witness statement does not provide any detail at all as to what the money is spent on. His oral evidence was that the money is spent on the [NAME], their education and grocery shopping, and that they do not have to pay rent as it is his house. Overall, no clear explanation has been provided as to what the Appellant’s essential needs are, how much is needed in respect of those needs and how this compares to the amounts being sent.

58. Whilst the [NAME]’s oral evidence was that he owns the property in Pakistan in which the [NAME] live, the documentary evidence does not necessarily support this. As discussed at the hearing, the electricity bills show the names of the [NAME] and his father, which indicates that the father lives there. The [NAME] has not provided any objective or other evidence to support him in saying that in Pakistan, the father’s details are usually included on utility bills and I do not understand why they would be. The plurality of “utility bills” in the [NAME]’ statement referred to above indicates there is more than one utility to be paid for. There is no evidence from anyone in Pakistan, or objective evidence, to support what the [NAME] said at the hearing about gas and water not being utilities required to be paid for.

59. Paragraph 3 of the [NAME]’s witness statement (dated [NAME] a few days before the hearing) says “[NAME] and her children started living in the family home where my parents live”. He also refers to ”our family home” in paragraph 2. This is different to the [NAME]’s oral evidence, which was that his mother had come over to the UK during covid, and that his father did not live at the property full time. The application [APPELLANT] by the Appellant’s mother on 15 October 2020 stated that “My Children are living at my brother home [NAME] there my mother, father [sic] are living together and [NAME] financially support me”. This also indicates that the [NAME]’s father lives in the same household. I do not understand when the grandmother came to the UK as the mother’s application was [APPELLANT] in October 2020 when Covid lockdowns were still occurring. I do not understand why statements have not been provided from the grandparents if they live with either the [NAME] or his sister, although I appreciate he was not asked about this at the hearing. There is no documentary evidence going to the ownership of the property and overall, the evidence is unclear as to who actually lives there. On balance, I find the [NAME] live there 10

Appeal Numbers: UI-2023-001763, UI-2023-001764, UI-2023-001765 First-tier Tribunal Nos: EA/02322/2022,EA/02328/2022,EA/02325/2022 together with at least their mother and [NAME]. I do not consider I have sufficient information on which to make a finding on who owns the property.

60. There is a lack of explanation concerning the situation with the [NAME]’ father. The mother’s application said “I am living separately from January 2020 to [NAME] due to family issues” without explaining what these issues were. Her affidavit dated 10 October 2020 said “due to some circumstances I cannot live with [NAME] from January 2020. I am living separate with my children and no communication with [NAME]”. She again does not explain what the circumstances were around their separation. The undated statement from the [NAME] does not mention the husband at all, nor the [NAME]. The [NAME]’s witness statement says the mother: “was married to her husband however her husband is unemployed in Pakistan and there have been many domestic issues between the two. Her husband left her and she moved to our family home in Pakistan and started living there”.

61. The [COMPANY] fee receipts show the name of the Appellant’s’ father which would indicate, on the face of it, that he is still present in their lives. Overall, it is very unclear as to why, and when exactly, the father left the mother and [NAME]. I do not consider his being unemployed is sufficient a reason for him to leave unless he went to find work, but this has not been said. Given the vagueness of the evidence, and lack of evidence, about him, I do not find it proved on balance that he is no longer in their lives and does not support them.

62. Whilst some receipts have been provided, without corresponding explanation, these tell me little about the [NAME]’ regular outgoings or essential needs. I accept that many more receipts have been provided for the last few months and that several of these state the [NAME]’s name, however there is just no explanation concerning what these receipts for and how they demonstrate the overall cost of essential needs. Even if they could be said to demonstrate that cost, I have not been given any information as to what they amount to on average per month so that I could compare it to what the [NAME] sends.

63. As to the [NAME]’s own circumstances, there is again a lack of information and explanation. I accept that he is employed and he has provided payslips and bank statements showing his salary going in. I have no information about who he lives with and what his own outgoings are. He has provided tenancy agreements but these do not mention any other occupants, and these agreements are at odds with his mentioning at the hearing that a friend helped him out with money because he was ‘buying’ a house at the time.

64. It was discussed at the hearing that there are a number of curiosities in the [NAME]’s bank statements, in that there are sums of money coming and going from several different people. One of the people named as [NAME], whom the [NAME] sent over £280 in euros in March 2020, was said by the [NAME] to be his ‘[NAME]’. However he also said that the [NAME] was his [NAME] sibling. A family registration certificate has been provided to show that the [NAME] are her [NAME] children. I therefore do not understand how [NAME] can be the [NAME]’s [NAME] in the usual sense of the word meaning a sibling’s son.

65. Besides this person, six other people are showing in the statements as being sent money from the [NAME]. He said some of them are relatives in Pakistan, which would indicate that the [NAME] may have other relatives in Pakistan. 11

Appeal Numbers: UI-2023-001763, UI-2023-001764, UI-2023-001765 First-tier Tribunal Nos: EA/02322/2022,EA/02328/2022,EA/02325/2022 The [NAME] mentioned other relatives in the context of his father as well, and he also said he sent his father money, but I cannot see any reference to this in the documentary evidence. As the Respondent has not expressly challenged the [NAME]’s credibility, I will say simply that I do not consider I have been given a clear, or satisfactory, picture as regards the [NAME]’s own financial situation. There is a concern that the [NAME] cannot truly afford to support the [NAME], given the lack of explanation as to his living circumstances, the money he sends to various people and his own outgoings in the UK. However, the ability of the [NAME] to support the [NAME] once in the UK has not been challenged by the Respondent in any meaningful way. The focus is on the question of dependency in Pakistan.

66. Overall, whilst I accept that the [NAME] are financially supported by the [NAME], as per the [NAME], this is not sufficient in itself. I find the evidence viewed as a whole does not satisfactorily explain how/why the [NAME] came to be dependent on the [NAME], what their living circumstances are in Pakistan, what the Appellant’s essential needs are, what they cost, how this compares to what the [NAME] sends, and the [NAME]’s own financial circumstances are.

67. Overall, I am not satisfied on balance that the [NAME] have proved that they require and use the money sent by the [NAME] to meet their essential needs as at the date of application nor since.

68. Therefore, overall, I find the evidence is not sufficient to discharge the applicable standard of proof of the balance of probabilities. I do not find the [NAME] have shown they are dependent on the [NAME] and so I find they do not meet the requirements of regulation 8. Notice of Decision 1. The appeals are dismissed.

2. No anonymity direction is [APPELLANT]. [NAME] Judge of the Upper Tribunal Immigration and Asylum Chamber 8 January 2024 12

Appeal Numbers: UI-2023-001763, UI-2023-001764, UI-2023-001765 First-tier Tribunal Nos: EA/02322/2022,EA/02328/2022,EA/02325/2022 ANNEX: ERROR OF LAW

DECISION IN THE UPPER TRIBUNAL IMMIGRATION AND ASYLUM CHAMBER Case No: UI-2023-001763 UI-2023-001764 UI-2023-001765 First-tier Tribunal No: EA/02322/2022 EA/02328/2022 EA/02325/2022 [NAME] Decision & Reasons Issued: ………………………………… Before DEPUTY UPPER TRIBUNAL JUDGE [APPELLANT] (1) [APPELLANT] (2) [APPELLANT] (3) (NO [APPELLANT]) [NAME] And THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE HOME DEPARTMENT Respondent Representation: For the Appellant: [redacted] For the Respondents: [redacted] Heard at [NAME] on 12 September 2023 13

Appeal Numbers: UI-2023-001763, UI-2023-001764, UI-2023-001765 First-tier Tribunal Nos: EA/02322/2022,EA/02328/2022,EA/02325/2022

DECISION AND

REASONS Background 1. This matter concerns appeals against the Respondent’s decision letters of 4 December 2020 and 9 December 2020, refusing the [NAME]’ applications [APPELLANT] on 15 October 2020. The First Appellant is the mother of the [NAME].

2. The First Appellant applied under the [NAME] to join the [NAME], [NAME] [NAME], on the basis that he is her biological brother and she is dependent on him. The [NAME] applied under the [NAME] to join the same [NAME] on the basis that he is their uncle and they are dependent on him.

3. The Respondent refused the [NAME]’ claims by letters dated 4 December 2020 (First Appellant) and 9 December 2020 ([NAME]).

4. The First Appellant’s application was considered under [NAME] (Family Permit) to the Immigration Rules on the basis she was a 'family member of a relevant EEA citizen'. It was refused on the basis that she had not provided sufficient evidence to prove that she was a 'family member' and her relationship to the [NAME] did not come within the definition of that term.

5. The [NAME]’s applications were considered under regulation 8 of the [NAME]) Regulations 2016 (“the [NAME]”). They were refused on substantially the same basis as each other. This was that the eleven money transfer receipts they had provided did not, in isolation, prove that they were financially dependent on the [NAME]. They had not provided any evidence regarding their own family’s financial situation. Whilst they had provided an affidavit declared by their mother, this was in effect a self- declaration and little weight was attached to it. It was not accepted that they were financially dependent on the [NAME].

6. The [NAME] appealed the refusal decisions.

7. Their appeals were heard together as linked appeals by First-tier [ADDRESS] (“the Judge”) at Nottingham on 2 March 2023. The Judge subsequently dismissed all of the appeals in a decision promulgated on 7 March 2023.

8. The [NAME] applied for permission to appeal to this Tribunal on four grounds as follows: “Ground 1- Speculation by the Judge The Judge states the following: “22. Money transfer might be evidence of dependency. It might not be. Money can be transferred for other reasons. It may have been transferred for the maintenance of the [NAME]’s parents. Both were elderly and at that stage living in Pakistan. The payments may have been [APPELLANT] to give the impression of dependency to support an application such as this. The timing of these payments might suggest this.” The Judge is being entirely speculative, whereas he should have [APPELLANT] findings of fact which he fails to do in the above paragraph leading to an erroneous decision. 14

Appeal Numbers: UI-2023-001763, UI-2023-001764, UI-2023-001765 First-tier Tribunal Nos: EA/02322/2022,EA/02328/2022,EA/02325/2022 The Judge fails to weigh up the evidence and come to a conclusion as to whether or not the [NAME] are dependent on their [NAME], rather he does not commit to a conclusion and speculates about their circumstances. Ground 2- Weight placed on irrelevant matters The Judge states the following: “23. There is no documentary evidence of the [NAME] having [APPELLANT] any payments to his sister whilst the [NAME] was living in Spain. The [NAME] gave evidence that he had [APPELLANT] payments but had not kept the receipts. I do not accept that. The [NAME] would have had records of payments [APPELLANT] and evidence of this could have been obtained.

24. The refusal letters for the two children [APPELLANT] it plain that the respondent would expect to see evidence to support the claimed dependency. [NAME] and the [NAME] could have done much more. They could have provided bank statements to show the family circumstances, if such bank statements existed. The [NAME] could have provided evidence that he owned the property where the [NAME] are living. Independent evidence of the separation of the [NAME] and her husband could have been provided. Evidence concerning the circumstances of the [NAME]’s mother and father in Pakistan could have been provided.” The Judge places undue weight on the lack of evidence surrounding the [NAME]’ dependency on the [NAME] from Spain. This is contrary to the position in [NAME] [2012] C-83/11. Evidence of historic dependency is not needed. What is crucial is that the situation of dependency must exist at the very least exist at the time the [NAME] apply to join their [NAME]- the CJEU at §35 of [NAME] held the following: “In the light of the foregoing, the answer to the [NAME] and the fourth question referred is that, in order to fall within the category, referred to in Article 3(2) of Directive 2004/38, of family members who are ‘dependants’ of a Union citizen, the situation of dependence must exist in the country from which the family member concerned comes, at the very least at the time when he applies to join the Union citizen on whom he is dependent.” The Judge should have focussed his mind on dependency at the time of the application. That was the crucial question and instead focussed on immaterial matters. The Judge criticises the [NAME] for not providing evidence of bank statements, the circumstances of their family members in Pakistan. However, the Judge never really engages with the question of dependency. The case of [NAME] (EEA Regs: dependency) [2013] UKUT 00314 ([NAME]) makes it clear that it is irrelevant whether the [NAME] are wholly or mainly dependent on the [NAME] [NAME]; what is relevant is whether the [NAME] are reliant upon his [NAME] for his essential living needs: “22. The statement just quoted from [29] of the determination betrays the application of incorrect legal criteria. As the case law makes clear, in the context of [NAME] law on family members the test of dependency is not whether a person is wholly or mainly dependent, but whether he or she is reliant on others for essential living needs.” The correct test is whether the [NAME] are dependent on his [NAME] for them to meet their basic needs- [NAME] v Entry Clearance Officer Manila [2015] EWCA Civ 1383: “32. In my judgment, the critical question is whether the claimant is in fact in a position to support himself or not, and [NAME] now makes that clear beyond doubt, in 15

Appeal Numbers: UI-2023-001763, UI-2023-001764, UI-2023-001765 First-tier Tribunal Nos: EA/02322/2022,EA/02328/2022,EA/02325/2022 my view. That is a simple matter of fact. If he can support himself, there is no dependency, even if he is given financial material support by the [NAME] citizen. Those additional resources are not necessary to enable him to meet his basic needs. If, on the other hand, he cannot support himself from his own resources, the court will not ask why that is the case, save perhaps where there is an abuse of rights. The fact that he chooses not to get a job and become self-supporting is irrelevant. It follows that on the facts of this case, there was no dependency. The appellant had the funds to support herself. She was financially independent and did not need the additional resources for the purpose of meeting her basic needs. The Judge focusses on the circumstances of family members in Pakistan. Whilst this may be of some use, the crucial question of whether the [NAME] pays for their essential needs is not asked by the Judge. Additionally, the [NAME] was present at the hearing and should have been asked questions whether his sister had a bank statement in Pakistan. Additionally, the [NAME]’ evidence is that the first Appellant’s husband has abandoned the family and thus, they are reliant on his support. There is nothing in the evidence which suggests that the Judge should depart from the Appellant’s position. Ground 3- failure to consider the evidence/ failure to consider the evidence properly Nowhere in the determination does the Judge consider the documentary evidence provided by the [NAME]. These include bills and receipts which confirm that the money sent by the [NAME] is for the [NAME]’ essential needs. The [NAME]’s evidence was that the [NAME] way the [NAME] could pay for these bills is through the help of the [NAME]. Given that the first Appellant’s position is that she does not work and is separated from her husband, and the [NAME] are young children, the Judge ought to have considered this aspect of the claim properly but failed to do so. Ground 4- First Appellant's appeal should have been considered under the Regulations It is evident that the first Appellant mistakenly applied under the [NAME] on 15 October 2020; her children applied under the [NAME]. It is clear that this was an error and the Respondent should have informed her of the error. Further, in light of her children applying under the Regulations, her appeal should have been considered under the Regulations, but the Judge failed to do so. The case can be distinguished from [APPELLANT] as here, it was a mistake by the first Appellant as to applying under the wrong form. See the Respondent’s policy titled ‘[NAME] Family Permit and Travel Permit Version 10.0’. In addition, Paragraph 5 of Schedule 3 to the Immigration and Social Security Co- ordination ([NAME]) Act 2020 (Consequential, Saving, Transitional and Transitory Provisions) ([NAME]) Regulations 2020 confirms that the provisions of the [NAME] 2016 specified in paragraph 6 continue to apply to any appeal which has been brought under the [NAME] 2016 and has not been finally determined before the commencement day. The application should have been considered under the [NAME] as per the concession.” 9. Permission to appeal was granted by First-tier Tribunal Judge Lawrence on 11 May 2023, stating: “1. The applications are in time. 16

Appeal Numbers: UI-2023-001763, UI-2023-001764, UI-2023-001765 First-tier Tribunal Nos: EA/02322/2022,EA/02328/2022,EA/02325/2022 2. It is arguable that the Judge materially erred in law in their approach to the evidence, as asserted in ground 3.

3. Permission is given on all grounds.” 10. The Respondent filed a rule 24 response responding to the grounds as follows: “3. It is submitted that the judge gave correct, adequate and sustainable reasons for dismissing the [NAME]’ appeals and the grounds of appeal amount to mere disagreement with the decision.

4. Ground 1 does not establish that the judge engaged in speculation. The statement of the judge at 22 is correct, the fact of money being transferred does not show dependency, as he goes on to consider it also requires evidence of the money being used to meet their essential needs. As he says money could’ve been sent for other reasons.

5. In response to Ground 2 it is submitted that the judge is entitled to look at the historic position to establish the credibility of money transfers beginning shortly before the applications being [APPELLANT]. Particularly where the documentary evidence is at odds with the sponsors oral evidence on the issue. This was not the judge requiring evidence of historic dependency but looking holistically at the case.

6. It is submitted that the finding that the money being sent was not used to meet the [NAME] essential needs was open to them.

7. In response to ground 4 the judge correctly decided that the first appellant’s appeal could not be converted to an EA regulations appeal. [NAME] and [APPELLANT] he found it was their responsibility to submit the correct application, not for the respondent to enquire with them about this and once and EUSS decision is [APPELLANT] that is the [NAME] route of appeal which flows from it. To have decided to the contrary would’ve been an error of law. The reference to the transitional provisions is entirely misguided as the appeal was not brought under the EA regulations.

8. The respondent requests an oral hearing.” The Hearing 11. The matter came before me for hearing on 12 September 2023. 12. [NAME] attended for the Respondent and [NAME] [RESPONDENT] attended for the [NAME].

13. Time was spent checking that both of the representatives and I had the same bundles that were before the Judge. [NAME] sent a copy of the relevant [NAME]’ bundle to [NAME] [NAME] along with the rule 24 response and, having reviewed both, he was happy to proceed thereafter.

14. I said I could not see a basis on which an anonymity direction had been [APPELLANT] by the Judge and proposed lifting it. Neither representative had any objection, it being suggested that the direction had originally been [APPELLANT] simply because the case involved children. Having had regard to the latest Presidential Guidance Note concerning Anonymity Orders and Hearings in Private, I do not consider there is sufficient reason to justify a departure from the principles of open justice 17

Appeal Numbers: UI-2023-001763, UI-2023-001764, UI-2023-001765 First-tier Tribunal Nos: EA/02322/2022,EA/02328/2022,EA/02325/2022 in this case. I therefore lift the anonymity order [APPELLANT] by the Judge in the First-tier Tribunal. 15. [NAME] [APPELLANT] submissions, adding little more to the grounds as they had been stated in the application for permission to appeal dated 4 April 2023. The [NAME] additional points were as follows: (a) As regards grounds 1 and 2, he said the [NAME] was present and gave oral evidence at the hearing before the Judge, yet the Judge never really considers that evidence. As the [NAME] was unrepresented, the Judge should have asked him why there was a lack of evidence in terms of bank statements and concerning the First Appellant’s separation from her husband. I asked as to the materiality of ground 1 if the Judge found against the [NAME] for other reasons. [NAME] said the [NAME] should have been told whether dependency was accepted or not, otherwise they cannot raise a challenge. (b) As regards ground 4, he referred to the case of ‘[NAME] mentioned in the case of [NAME]. He said the facts here are analogous to [NAME] given both of the children applied correctly under the [NAME]. He said it was obvious that the First Appellant should also have applied under the [NAME], as this can be inferred from the fact that the children did. I asked what evidence was before the Judge to show that the First Appellant had in fact intended to apply under the [NAME] rather than the EUSS such as a cover letter or witness statement. He admitted there was none, he relies simply on the fact that the children’s applications were [APPELLANT] under the [NAME].

16. Ms [APPELLANT] responded invited me to dismiss the appeal on the basis that the Judge’s decision disclosed no material errors of law and the grounds mounted to mere disagreement. She took me through the rule 24 response and added that: (a) As regards ground 1, [21] of the Judge’s decision acknowledges the evidence of transfers so the Judge clearly took everything into account when making his findings. [27] concludes that the [NAME] have not demonstrated dependency after weighing all the evidence. (b) As regards grounds 2 and 3, [12] shows the Judge took the [NAME] through the evidence so was aware that the [NAME] was not represented; in [23]-[27] the Judge weighs up all the evidence and it was open to him to find a lack of evidence to show dependency. Although the Judge does not specifically mention some of the documentary evidence, he makes clear he has considered all of it. He has given his reasons and cannot give reasons for his reasons. (c) As regards ground 4, [13]-[15] clearly deal with this point.

17. In response [NAME] [NAME] reiterated that there is speculation in [22] and under the case of [NAME] (citation below), all findings have to be supported by sufficient reasons. He was content, if any material error were found, for the appeal to be kept in the Upper Tribunal for remaking.

18. At the end of the hearing, I reserved my decision. Discussion and Findings 18

Appeal Numbers: UI-2023-001763, UI-2023-001764, UI-2023-001765 First-tier Tribunal Nos: EA/02322/2022,EA/02328/2022,EA/02325/2022 19. I remind myself of the important guidance handed down by the Court of Appeal that an appellate court must not interfere in a decision of a judge below without good reason. The power of the Upper Tribunal to set aside a decision of the First- tier Tribunal and to proceed to remake the decision [NAME] arises in law if it is found that the tribunal below has [APPELLANT] a genuine error of law that is material to the decision under challenge.

20. I also remind myself of the headnote of [NAME] (duty to give reasons) Pakistan [2013] UKUT 00641 ([NAME]), heard by the then President of this Chamber as a member of the panel: “(1) It is axiomatic that a determination discloses clearly the reasons for a tribunal’s decision. (2) If a tribunal finds oral evidence to be implausible, incredible or unreliable or a document to be worth no weight whatsoever, it is necessary to say so in the determination and for such findings to be supported by reasons. A bare statement that a witness was not believed or that a document was afforded no weight is unlikely to satisfy the requirement to give reasons.” 21. I shall first discuss those grounds relating to the First Appellant.

22. At the outset of his decision, the Judge states: “2. Although these appeals have been listed together the applications were [APPELLANT] on different bases. On 15 October 2022 T [APPELLANT] an application for leave to enter the United Kingdom as the sister of the [NAME] [NAME] [NAME] [NAME], a national of Spain. Her application was [APPELLANT] under [NAME] (Family Permit). The application was refused on 4 December 2020”.

3. Her application was refused because a sister is not a family member under [NAME] (Family Permit). 4. [NAME] both [APPELLANT] applications on 14 October 2020 as the [NAME] family members of the [NAME]. Both applications were [APPELLANT] under regulation 8 of the [NAME]) Regulations 2016 (“the [NAME]”). Both applications were refused on 9 December 2020.

5. Their applications were refused because the respondent was not satisfied that the [NAME] had demonstrated that they were dependent on the [NAME].” 23. The Judge correctly sets out the applicable burden and standard of proof in [7] and [8].

24. His findings concerning the First Appellant are as follows: “13. She had applied under [NAME] (Family Permit). The application had been refused because to succeed she would need to be a family member of the appellant. [NAME] (Family Permit) a sister is not a family member. It is not clear why she [APPELLANT] the application which she did. The [NAME] said that he had been legally represented in the applications.

14. The cases of [NAME] (other family members: [NAME] exit) [2023] UKUT 00047 and [APPELLANT] and others: [NAME] exit) [2022] UKUT 219 have decided that where the appellant has [APPELLANT] an application under [NAME] (Family Member) the respondent is not obliged to consider the application under the [NAME] instead, or to point this out to the appellant. A decision to refuse an application [APPELLANT] under Appendix 19

Appeal Numbers: UI-2023-001763, UI-2023-001764, UI-2023-001765 First-tier Tribunal Nos: EA/02322/2022,EA/02328/2022,EA/02325/2022 [NAME] (Family Member) on this basis does not breach an appellant’s rights under the Withdrawal Agreement.

15. In respect of T therefore she simply does not meet the requirements of [NAME] (Family Permit) and her appeal must fail for that reason”.

25. Paras 71 to 72 of the case of [APPELLANT] cited by the Judge indeed confirm that it is not possible to invoke sub-paragraphs (e) and (f) of Article 18 of the Withdrawal Agreement “as authority for the proposition that the respondent should have treated one kind of application as an entirely different kind of application”. That case also confirmed that it was not disproportionate for the Secretary of State to “devise and operate a system which draws attention to the two fundamentally different ways in which a family application should be [APPELLANT], and which then determines applications by reference to what an applicant is specifically asking to be given”.

26. The headnotes of [NAME] takes this further by stating: “(2)…Accordingly, consistently with the approach taken by the Upper Tribunal in [APPELLANT], Article 18(1)(o) did not require the respondent to treat the applicant’s application as something that it was not stated to be; or to identify errors in it and then highlight them to her”. (3) Annex 2.2 of [NAME] (Family Permit) enables a decision maker to request further missing information, or interview an applicant prior to the decision being [APPELLANT]. The guidance given by the respondent as referred to in [APPELLANT] at [71] provides “help [to] applicants to prove their eligibility and to avoid any errors or omissions in their applications” for the purposes of Article 18(1)(o). Applicants are provided with “the opportunity to furnish supplementary evidence and to correct any deficiencies, errors or omission” under Article 18(1)(o). In accordance with [APPELLANT], Article 18(1)(o) did not require the respondent to go as far as identifying such deficiencies, errors or omission for applicants and inviting them to correct them. This is especially so given the “scale of EUSS applications” referred to in [APPELLANT] at [72]. This provides a good reason for Article 18(1)(o) to be read narrowly to exclude errors or omissions of this sort, and this was the effect of the approach taken by the Upper Tribunal in [APPELLANT].” 27. In [NAME], as in this appeal, an out-of-country application was [APPELLANT] by a sister to join her brother in the UK and the “type of visa / application” specified was “European Family Permit”. The applicant in that case was refused on exactly the same basis as the First Appellant has been refused in this appeal i.e. that she had not provided sufficient evidence to prove that she was such a family member. The arguments raised before this Tribunal in that appeal were the same as those being argued before me now (i.e. that an application [APPELLANT] under the EUSS should be treated as one [APPELLANT] under the [NAME]) and the decision dealt with these arguments in their entirety. That included, at para 49, discussion of the correct basis for bringing an appeal refusing an application [APPELLANT] under the EUSS as opposed to the Regulations. 28. [NAME] [NAME] confirmed there was no evidence, aside from the fact that the children applied under the [NAME], to indicate that the First Appellant intended to also apply under those Regulations. I too cannot see that the First Appellant herself has anywhere said she intended to use a different form from the form she used, or that she intended to apply under the [NAME] instead of the EUSS. Having applied for her children under the [NAME], it is not clear why she did not also apply under them herself. The mere fact that she did so cannot be taken, without more, as an indication that she intended to apply 20

Appeal Numbers: UI-2023-001763, UI-2023-001764, UI-2023-001765 First-tier Tribunal Nos: EA/02322/2022,EA/02328/2022,EA/02325/2022 under the Regulations too. It can just as easily be said to indicate the contrary. There is therefore no evidence to support the submission that the application under the EUSS was [APPELLANT] in error. As such, there is therefore no basis on which I could conceivably distinguish her case from the ruling in [NAME]. 29. [NAME] [NAME] referred to a case of [NAME] mentioned in [NAME]; this reference appears to be erroneous as no such case is mentioned. I suspect he intended to refer to the case of [NAME] v SSHD & Anor [2017] EWCA Civ 1755 which is mentioned in paras 25 and 37 of [NAME]. However, [APPELLANT] was found not to assist the applicant in [NAME] such that I fail to see how it could assist the First Appellant here either, given what I have said above about a similar factual matrix applying.

30. On this basis, the Judge’s findings in [13]-[15] of his decision are correct and disclose no error. I therefore uphold these findings and the Judge’s decision to dismiss the First Appellant’s appeal.

31. It has not been suggested to me that the appeals of the [NAME] cannot be addressed in their own right if the First Appellant’s appeal fails, which it has. As above, the appeals of the [NAME] were [APPELLANT] on a different legal basis to that of the First Appellant and so, even though some of the facts are shared, I find they can be so dealt with.

32. I therefore turn to the grounds relating to the [NAME]’ appeals.

33. As above, the Judge correctly confirmed at [4] that the applications fell for assessment under regulation 8 of the [NAME].

34. As regards what dependency entails, in Latayan v SSHD [2020] EWCA Civ 191, [NAME] LJ said: “23. Dependency entails a situation of real dependence in which the family member, having regard to their financial and social conditions, is not in a position to support themselves and needs the material support of the Community national or his or her spouse or [NAME] partner in order to meet their essential needs: [NAME] v Migrationsverket Case C-1/05; [2007] QB 545 at [37 and 42-43] and [NAME] v Migrationsverket Case C-423/12; [2014] QB 1140 at [20-24]. As the Upper Tribunal noted in the unrelated case of [NAME] v SSHD (EEA Regs: dependency) [2013] UKUT 00314 ([NAME]) , dependency is a question of fact. The Tribunal continued (in reliance on [NAME] and on the decision of this court in [NAME] (India) v [NAME]) [2009] EWCA (Civ) 1426 ): "19. … questions of dependency must not be reduced to a bare calculation of financial dependency but should be construed broadly to involve a holistic examination of a number of factors, including financial, physical and social conditions, so as to establish whether there is dependence that is genuine. The essential focus has to be on the nature of the relationship concerned and on whether it is one characterised by a situation of dependence based on an examination of all the factual circumstances, bearing in mind the underlying objective of maintaining the unity of the family." Further, at [22] "… Whilst it is for an appellant to discharge the burden of proof resting on him to show dependency, and this will normally require production of relevant documentary evidence, oral evidence can suffice if not found wanting. …” 21

Appeal Numbers: UI-2023-001763, UI-2023-001764, UI-2023-001765 First-tier Tribunal Nos: EA/02322/2022,EA/02328/2022,EA/02325/2022 35. Whether the [NAME] are dependent on the [NAME] is therefore a factual question for the Judge to have assessed on the evidence before the Tribunal. The burden rested upon those [NAME].

36. It is clear from the authorities that it is not enough simply to show that financial support is in fact provided by the [NAME] citizen to the family member. [NAME] often send money to each other, even regularly, across international borders and that can be for a whole range of reasons. Instead, there is a requirement of dependency to meet essential living needs, which, as per the above case, “must not be reduced to a bare calculation of financial dependency but should be construed broadly to involve a holistic examination of a number of factors, including financial, physical and social conditions”.

37. The Judge sets out the background to the applications in [18] – [20], following which he analyses the evidence of dependency at [21] - [27]. At [21] – [22] the Judge appears to accept the fact of the transfers. Whilst the phrasing at [22] could have been more explicit, the Judge’s finding is essentially that the money could have been sent for reasons other than dependency. In other words, it had not been proved that the money had been sent to pay for the [NAME]’ essential needs. Even if this finding were [APPELLANT] in error (which I discuss further below), I do not find that it is material in itself given a number of other matters were considered in reaching the conclusion that dependency had not been proved on balance. These include, for example, at [23] that there was no documentary evidence of payments being [APPELLANT] whilst the [NAME] was living in Spain, at [24] that no bank statements had been provided and there was no evidence to show the [NAME] owned the Spanish property occupied by the [NAME].

38. In this regard, the [NAME] argue that the Judge placed undue weight on the lack of evidence concerning these factors. It is correct that whether more evidence could have been provided is not the correct question to ask; it is almost always the case that more evidence could be provided. The question to be asked is whether the evidence provided is sufficient to show dependency on the balance of probabilities, both as at and continuing from the date of application.

39. In conducting this assessment, the Judge was entitled to look at whether there was any documentary evidence to support what the [NAME] said in the round. This included assessing whether there was any evidence to support the assertion that he had supported the [NAME] whilst he was in Spain. This went to whether or not the [NAME] were credible in saying they had been dependent for as long as they had (mentioned in para 4 of the First Appellant’s witness statement), which fed in to the weight to be attached to their evidence as a whole. As such, the position with historical support in Spain was not an immaterial factor, although it was also not a matter which was determinative in its own right. I cannot see that the Judge placed undue weight on this individual factor; rather it was just one amongst other factors he considered when reaching his conclusions.

40. For the same reason, the Judge was entitled to look at the circumstances in Pakistan. At [19] the Judge sets out the [NAME]’s oral evidence that: “[The First Appellant] had been married and lived with her husband and children until about the middle of 2019 when she and her husband broke up. After that she had gone to live with their parents, who are both elderly, in the family home. This was owned by the [NAME]. His sister and the children were entirely dependent.” 22

Appeal Numbers: UI-2023-001763, UI-2023-001764, UI-2023-001765 First-tier Tribunal Nos: EA/02322/2022,EA/02328/2022,EA/02325/2022 41. By saying that evidence concerning the separation of the First Appellant from her husband, and from her parents, could have been provided, the Judge appears to be simply pointing out that this had not been provided. His discussion of these things is not without foundation, as it goes to the allegations [APPELLANT] by the [NAME] in his oral evidence and also the refusal letters concerning the children in saying the Respondent would expect to see evidence to support the claimed dependency (first sentence of [24]). Discussing the absence of such evidence led to the Judge’s finding at [25] that: “Without reliable evidence as to the financial circumstances of the family it is not possible to say whether the family is dependent on the [NAME] for at least part of its essential needs”.

42. Although the [NAME] was not represented at the hearing, it was not the role of the Judge to question the [NAME] on the evidence other than for the purposes of clarification. To have gone beyond this would have risked the Judge ‘descending into the arena’, particularly since the Respondent was represented at the hearing and it is was the role of her representative to test the evidence in cross- examination.

43. Having said that, I note there are several pieces of evidence contained in the bundles that were before the Judge which arguably did go towards dependency, such as electricity bills, [COMPANY] fee receipts and receipts for clothing, jewellery and grocery items. There was also evidence of the [NAME]’s employment and earnings in the UK as well as his bank statements and a tenancy agreement. The First Appellant’s witness statement at para four says: “We have provided to the court documentation that from the monies that we receive from my brother we are [NAME] to pay for household costs including utility bills, food, clothes etc. “ 44. Whilst it is trite that a judge need not refer to every single piece of evidence before them when reaching their decisions, in accordance with [NAME] cited above, sufficient reasons need to be given as to why no weight has been attached to evidence, if this is found to be the case.

45. There is no indication in the Judge’s decision that he did have regard to the First Appellant’s witness statement nor the bills and receipts I have mentioned above. As he instead refers [NAME] to the evidence which could have been provided, the Judge appears not to have reached his conclusions by looking at all of the evidence that was in fact before him.

46. This is an error which is material because the sole ground for refusing the [NAME] was that they had not provided sufficient evidence of dependency. Had the Judge properly considered all of the evidence before him, including the bills, receipts, witness statement and evidence of the [NAME]’s financial position in the UK, it cannot be said with certainty that he would have reached the same conclusion as to whether dependency had been sufficiently proved.

47.

I therefore find this is a material error. Conclusion 23

Appeal Numbers: UI-2023-001763, UI-2023-001764, UI-2023-001765 First-tier Tribunal Nos: EA/02322/2022,EA/02328/2022,EA/02325/2022 48. I am satisfied the decision of the First-tier Tribunal did involve the making of errors of law but find that they are confined to the findings [APPELLANT] concerning the [NAME] [NAME]; the findings concerning the First Appellant and the dismissal of her claim are sound.

49.

I therefore find that the decision of the Judge involved the making of an error of law and must be set aside for a fresh decision as regards the claims [APPELLANT] by the [NAME].

50. As well as addressing dependency, the parties will need to have regard to the best interests of the [NAME] in applying to come to the UK in circumstances where their mother’s application has failed. This is to the extent that their bests interest are relevant pursuant to section 55 of the Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 as applied in, for example, Mundeba (s.55 and para 297(i)(f)) [2013] UKUT 88.

51. In the circumstances, and given the limited issues and extent of fact finding required, I consider that the appropriate course of action is for appeal to be listed to be remade in the Upper Tribunal on a date to be fixed. Notice of Decision 1. The decision of the First-tier Tribunal involved the making of an error of law and I set it aside for remaking [NAME] as regards the [NAME]’ claims.

2. I make the following directions: (a) Any additional material on which either party seeks to rely must be served on the other party and on the Upper Tribunal at least 10 working days before the hearing. Such material must be set out in a properly indexed and paginated bundle, in electronic form. (b) If an interpreter is required, this must be requested in writing at least 2 working days before the hearing. (c) The parties must prepare and serve 5 working days before the hearing, brief skeleton arguments in electronic form addressing the [NAME]’ claims.

3. No anonymity direction is [APPELLANT]. [NAME] Judge of the Upper Tribunal Immigration and Asylum Chamber 19 September 2023 24