Federal Court dismisses appeal on jurisdiction for employment claims

OUTCOME: Dismissed

Date: 20260410 Docket: T-3796-25 Citation: 2026 FC 480 Toronto, Ontario, April 10, 2026 PRESENT: The [NAME_1]: [NAME_3] Plaintiff and [COMPANY_4] [NAME_5], [COMPANY_5] [NAME_5] [NAME_5] [NAME_5] (FORMERLY KNOWN AS [COMPANY_4],) [NAME_6] [COMPANY_7]

JUDGMENT AND

REASONS I. Overview [ 1 ] [NAME_3] is a self-represented litigant appealing the Order of Associate Judge Trent Horne dated March 16, 2026. [ 2 ] A.J. Horne’s Order caused [NAME_2]’s Statement of Claim (Claim) to be removed from the Court file pursuant to Rule 74 of the Federal Courts Rules, SOR/98-106 [the Rules ]. The Claim alleged misconduct against the Defendants, who are [NAME_2]’s former employers, and other third parties. A.J. Horne concluded that the Claim presented no viable matter within the jurisdiction of the Federal Court. [ 3 ] For the following reasons, no error was made in A.J. Horne’s decision and the motion appealing the Order is dismissed.

II. The Plaintiff’s Claims [ 4 ] [NAME_2] asserts that she experienced reprisals and harassment from the Defendants and others because she is a whistleblower who has exposed an international modern slavery network operating in Norway, Sweden and Canada. Her claims include: - having experienced intimate partner violence and eviction by her former partner, as well as unemployment, kidnapping and torture; - being targeted and abused by the Defendants as well as the Canada Revenue Agency, Toronto-[COMPANY_8], and all other [NAME_9]; - being conspired against and abused by Federal Court Registry staff and Justices of this Court; - being prejudiced by the Defendants for their alleged non-compliance with the Rules, such as late filing. [ 5 ] [NAME_2]’s allegations are clearly of high importance to her. However, the question before this Court is whether A.J. Horne erred in determining that the Claim did not disclose any cause of action within the Court’s jurisdiction and should be removed from the Court file pursuant to Rule 74 of the Rules . [ 6 ] A.J. Horne’s Order described the following “core allegations” made by [NAME_2]: “a) wrongful termination and reprisal; b) harassment and workplace misconduct; c) payroll irregularities and corporate identity shifts; d) misappropriation of intellectual property; and e) systemic misconduct [related to] payroll, banking and federal reporting systems.” III. Standard of review [ 7 ] The applicable standard of review for the appeal of a decision by an Associate Judge is that such decisions “should only be interfered with when [they are] are incorrect in law or are based on a palpable and overriding error in regard to the facts” ( Hospira Healthcare Corporation v [NAME_10] of Rheumatology, 2016 FCA 215 at paras 64). This reflects the appellate standard of review set out in [NAME_11] v [NAME_11], 2002 SCC 33 (See e.g. [NAME_12] v [NAME_13] , 2026 FCA 43 at para 4).

IV. Analysis [ 8 ] [NAME_2] asserts that the threshold for Rule 74 decisions is high, rarely used, and that A.J. Horne erred by failing to consider proportionality. [ 9 ] In fact, A.J. Horne correctly identified that while Rule 74 may be infrequently used, it is an important tool that allows this Court to ensure that scarce judicial resources are not devoted to claims that have no prospect of success or are abusive proceedings (See e.g. [NAME_14] v [NAME_15] , 2024 FC 1779 at para 39; Wu v Canada (Judicial Council) , 2025 FC 866 at paras 42, 44-45; [NAME_16] v Canada (Attorney General) , 2025 FC 551 at paras 39-43). [ 10 ] Regarding the question of proportionality, A.J. Horne was alive to the consequences of the claim’s removal from the Court file and conducted a comprehensive review of the applicable law. He properly found that the issues identified in [NAME_2]’s Claim either did not disclose a cause of action (See e.g. [NAME_17] v Canada (Attorney General), 2014 FC 896 at para 5), or was not within this Court’s jurisdiction as set out in the test in ITO-International Terminal Operators Ltd v Miida Electronics Inc, [1986] 1 SCR 752 [ ITO ]. [ 11 ] [NAME_2] alleges that because material facts are in dispute it was improper for her Claim to have been “prematurely” removed. However, this argument ignores the fundamental hurdle that employment matters with private entities are not within the jurisdiction of the Federal Court (see e.g. [NAME_18] v [COMPANY_19] Corporation, 2023 FC 1347 at paras 16-17). This allegation was correctly assessed by A.J. Horne who made no error in determining that the Federal Court is not the proper venue for the employment matters raised in the Claim. [ 12 ] [NAME_2] alleges that this Court has jurisdiction over the matters in her Claim, contrary to the findings of A.J. Horne and in accordance with the ITO test. She claims that various governing federal statutes and matters of federal concern are at issue, including the Copyright Act, RSC 1985, c C-42 [ Copyright Act ]; the Competition Act, RSC 1985, c C-34 [ Competition Act ]; the Patent Act , RSC 1985, c P-4; the Trademarks Act , RSC 1985, c T-13; the Canada Labour Code , RSC 1985, c L-2 [ Canada Labour Code ]; and the Canadian Human Rights Act , RSC 1985, c H-6 [ Canadian Human Rights Act ]. She also asserts breaches of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982 , being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11 [the Charter ] as well as international law instruments including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , GA Res 217A (III), UNGAOR, 3rd Sess, Supp No. 13, UN Doc A/810 (1948) 71 [ Universal Declaration ], and broadly the “Conventions” of the International Labour Organization [ ILO ]. [ 13 ] [NAME_2] generally refers to these legal instruments but does not describe specific breaches of any specific provisions within them. [ 14 ] A.J. Horne acknowledged that [NAME_2] advanced an intellectual property dispute, which she also asserts in this appeal. However, there continues to be fundamental material defects in the intellectual property claim that render it non-actionable. As noted by A.J. Horne, [NAME_2] has not provided any list of works that are in issue, or any material facts, as required by pleadings for copyright infringement ( [NAME_20] v 43 [COMPANY_20] ., 2022 FC 1149 at para 32). She has also failed to identify any specific invention or trademark, and this renders any specific claim under patent or trademark law non-actionable. [ 15 ] Finally, [NAME_2] has not provided any arguments disputing A.J. Horne’s determination that subsection 13(3) of the Copyright Act is fatal to any claim of copyright infringement, because the Defendants are presumed to be copyright owners of [NAME_2]’s work during her employment. [ 16 ] As for the Canada Labour Code and the Canadian Human Rights Act, [NAME_2] has failed to establish why either would apply. First, [NAME_2] failed to mention the Canada Labour Code in her submissions before A.J. Horne and in her Claim. More specifically, however, the Canada Labour Code applies to specific federal works, undertakings and businesses, or other entities engaging in matters exclusively within statutory jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Government as specified in the Code ( Canada Labour Code, ss 2, 4, 123, 167, 268). Nothing indicates that the Defendants fall within this category of entities governed by the Code . [ 17 ] [NAME_2] alleges that the Defendants are federally incorporated, multinational and complex as an organization, and accordingly the matter must fall under federal jurisdiction. However, a defendant’s status as federally incorporated, multinational or complex does not, on its own, grant this Court jurisdiction where none is granted by federal legislation ( [NAME_8] v [COMPANY_8] of Nova Scotia , 2009 FC 328 at para 14). [ 18 ] Similarly, the Canadian Human Rights Act applies to private sector corporations but only employers and service providers that are federally regulated such as airlines and banks ( Parkdale Community Legal [COMPANY_21] v Canada , 2025 FC 912, at para 15) [emphasis added]. The Defendants are not a private entities engaging in a federally regulated industry. [ 19 ] Provincial courts are vested with significant exclusive jurisdiction and competence in many matters outside the jurisdiction of the Federal Court. Similarly, provincial human rights, labour and employment legislation are robust. Nationwide activity by an actor does not, on its own, confer jurisdiction on the Federal Court. [ 20 ] In addition, even assuming there was subject matter jurisdiction, [NAME_2] has not made a proper complaint in the relevant tribunals established under the Canada Labour Code and the Canadian Human Rights Act. Her failure to do so is essentially a request for this Court to bypass the Canadian Human Rights Commission, the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal and the Canada Industrial Relations Board. It is an indirect request for this Court to recognize a private common law claim premised on these statutory instruments, which the Court cannot do. A.J. Horne appropriately recognized that alleged breaches of a statute are not torts and do not create any actionable tortious claims (See e.g. [NAME_22] v Canada, 2020 FC 1136 at para 19). [ 21 ] Moving to the competition law allegations, the only basis for [NAME_2]’s assertions under the Competition Act is the fact that the Defendants engage in competition and cross-border corporate conduct. However, this mere assertion does not disclose any actionable cause of action or breach of the Competition Act . [ 22 ] There are many reasons why [NAME_2]’s Charter assertions fail. First, [NAME_2] does not identify any specific Charter right that was breached. Second, A.J. Horne correctly noted that the Federal Court does not have jurisdiction over all Charter claims. Charter protection concerns government conduct offending the Charter and the Defendants are private entities not acting on the behalf of government, nor acting pursuant to a government statute. The Charter does not govern the conduct of private actors, including corporations, acting independently of government. [ 23 ] Finally, A.J. Horne was correct to note that the Universal Declaration does not form part of Canadian domestic law and cannot be relied on to assert substantive rights alone ( Canada (Minister of National Revenue) v [NAME_23] , 2002 FCT 877 at para 15). The same principle applies to the broadly asserted “Conventions” of the ILO, which were not argued before A.J. Horne nor in the Claim.

V. Conclusion [ 24 ] A.J. Horne made no error in law, nor any palpable and overriding errors in his factual assessment of [NAME_2]’s claim. There is no basis to overturn his decision to remove [NAME_2]’s Claim from the Court file and this motion appealing A.J. Horne’s Order is dismissed.

JUDGMENT in T-3796-25 THIS COURT’S

JUDGMENT is that : The Plaintiff’s appeal from Associate Judge Horne’s order dated March 16, 2026, is dismissed. There is no order regarding costs. "[NAME_1]" Judge FEDERAL COURT SOLICITORS OF RECORD DOCKET: T-3796-25 STYLE OF CAUSE: [NAME_3] v [COMPANY_4], [NAME_5], [COMPANY_5], [NAME_5], [NAME_5], [NAME_5] (FORMELY KNOWN AS [COMPANY_4],), [NAME_24], [COMPANY_7] OF HEARING:

HELD BY WAY OF ZOOM VIDEOCONFERENCE DATE OF HEARING: April 7, 2026

JUDGMENT AND

REASONS: [NAME_1] J. DATED: April 10, 2026 APPEARANCES : [NAME_3] For The PLAINTIFF (ON HER OWN BEHALF) [NAME_25] FoR THE DEFENDANTS SOLICITORS OF RECORD : [NAME_26], Ontario For The DEFENDANTS